![]() ![]() Although the rats experienced no resource limitations other than space restriction, a number of negative conditions developed: the two most dominant males took harems of several female rats and occupied more than their share of space, leaving other rats even more crowded many females stopped building nests and abandoned their infant rats the pregnancy rate declined infant and adult mortality rates increased more aggressive and physical attacks occurred sexual variation increased, including hypersexuality, inhibited sexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality.ĭ. The rat population peaked at 80, providing a look at ramped living conditions. ![]() Hence, crowding is very much a psychological and ecological phenomenon, and not just a physical condition.Ĭ. A classic crowding study was done by Calhoun (1962), who put rats into a physical environment designed to accommodate 50 rats and provided enough food, water, and nesting materials for the number of rats in the environment. The suburbanite may feel relatively uncrowded in a small house on a half-acre lot if it is surrounded by trees, bushes, and a hedgerow, even though he lives under much higher physical density than did the frontiersman. The frontiersman may have felt crowded when someone built a homestead a mile away. It may occur at widely different densities. It implies a pressure, a force, and a psychological reaction. Crowding is a product of density, communication, contact, and activity. Density is the number of individuals per unit area or unit space. It is important to emphasize at the outset that crowding and density are not necessarily the same. All of these fiends are producing increased crowding and the perception of crowding.ī. ![]() A. Of the great myriad of problems which man and the world face today, there are three significant fiends which stand above all others in importance: the uprecedented population growth throughout the world a net increase of 1,400,000 people per week and all of its associations and consequences the increasing urbanization of these people, so that more and more of them are rushing into cities and urban areas of the world and the tremendous explosion of communication and social contact throughout the world, so that every part of the world is now aware of every other part. ![]()
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